Dogs have long held the title of “man’s best friend,” offering companionship, loyalty, and joy in countless households. With nearly half of U.S. families sharing their lives with a pup, it’s clear that dogs remain one of the most cherished pets.
From tiny lap dogs to towering guardians, selective breeding has given us an incredible variety of shapes, sizes, and temperaments to choose from.
Yet, not all breeds enjoy the same level of health. Some dogs are predisposed to chronic conditions due to genetics, physical structure, or decades of breeding for appearance over well-being.
Flat-faced breeds, for example, may struggle with respiratory issues, while others are prone to hip dysplasia, skin disorders, or heart disease. These inherited traits can make ownership more challenging, requiring additional veterinary care and long-term commitment.
Before adopting, it’s important for future pet owners to consider these risks carefully. In this article, we’ll explore several dog breeds that are known for their higher likelihood of health problems, helping you make an informed decision when choosing your next furry companion.
Dog Breeds to Avoid for Health Concerns
1. English Bulldog
The English Bulldog, also called the British Bulldog, is one of the most recognizable breeds with its broad head and trademark wrinkles. Hills Pet states that they are dependable and gentle dogs.
Originally developed in England during the 1800s after bullbaiting was banned, the breed was selectively bred for its compact frame, flattened face, and short tail. Today, Bulldogs are cherished for their loyal and caring nature, but behind their charm lies a range of serious health challenges.
One of the most concerning issues is their brachycephalic structure. With shortened muzzles and narrow airways, Bulldogs are prone to Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). This causes constant breathing difficulties, snoring, and an inability to tolerate heat. Even mild exertion or warm weather can trigger dangerous overheating episodes.
Their skeletal build also leads to orthopedic conditions. Hip dysplasia is common, as the breed’s unusual hip placement puts stress on joints and increases the risk of arthritis.
Patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips from place, further limits mobility. Combined with their predisposition to obesity, these issues can significantly reduce their quality of life and duration.
Skin and eye problems add to the list of concerns. Wrinkled folds easily trap moisture and bacteria, leading to chronic infections, while conditions like entropion and cherry eye frequently require surgical correction.
Ear infections and tail-related irritations are also recurring problems. These overlapping health burdens make the Bulldog one of the most medically complex breeds to care for.
Fun Fact: Despite their many health struggles, the English Bulldog remains a beloved family companion, and its iconic appearance even makes it the mascot of the U.S. Marine Corps.
2. Pug
Also called the “Dutch Mastiff,” the Pug is a compact toy breed famous for its wrinkled face, curled tail, and charming personality.
Originating in China, these dogs were cherished by royals and later became beloved companions across Europe. PetMD says Pugs are very friendly dogs that thrive on attention from their owners. They love to please people and enjoy being involved in everyday family activities.
Despite their playful nature, Pugs are highly vulnerable to brachycephalic airway syndrome. Their flat faces, narrow nostrils, and elongated soft palate restrict airflow, leading to noisy breathing, snoring, and even respiratory distress in warm climates.
Their airway structure also makes them prone to overheating, especially during exercise or hot weather. Many Pugs require surgical correction of stenotic nares or elongated palates to breathe comfortably and avoid long-term airway collapse.
Compounding these issues, excess weight can worsen breathing problems and stress their already narrow trachea. Alarmingly, Pugs are more likely to suffer from airway disorders compared to other breeds.
3. Great Dane
Also known as the “gentle giant,” the Great Dane is admired for its towering stature, noble build, and calm nature. Purina says Great Danes are gentle giants—affectionate, loving, and wonderful with people.
Bred in Germany as estate guardians and boar hunters, these dogs are instantly recognizable for their elegance and affectionate personality. Despite their majestic presence, Great Danes face several serious health risks tied to their giant size.
One of the most pressing concerns is hip dysplasia, a hereditary condition where the hip joint forms improperly, causing discomfort, arthritis, and mobility issues. Their rapid growth and immense weight put significant strain on the hips, which can accelerate degeneration if not managed early.
Responsible breeding and controlled exercise during puppyhood are crucial to reducing risks. These affectionate dogs are also prone to Wobbler Syndrome, a spinal condition affecting the neck. It causes instability, unsteady movement, and even paralysis in severe cases.
Nutrition plays a role here, too—feeding a high-quality, large-breed diet helps regulate growth and can lower the likelihood of skeletal issues. Preventing obesity further minimizes pressure on already vulnerable joints.
Osteoarthritis often develops as Great Danes age, making supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin beneficial. Combined with weight management and regular veterinary care, these measures can ease joint strain.
Preventive practices, including gastropexy surgery for bloat and early screening for heart conditions, give these dogs the best chance at a healthier, longer life.
Fun Fact: The tallest Great Dane on record, Zeus, stood 41 inches at the shoulder and stretched over 7 feet tall when standing on his hind legs.
4. German Shepherd
Also called the Alsatian, the German Shepherd is a versatile working breed known for its intelligence, courage, and loyalty. Originally bred as herding and guard dogs, they are now widely used in police, military, and search-and-rescue work.
Their sharp instincts and adaptability make them dependable companions, but they come with notable health risks that owners must consider.
German Shepherds are especially vulnerable to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a condition where the heart muscle weakens and enlarges. As the disease progresses, the heart loses its ability to pump blood effectively, leading to congestion and potentially life-threatening complications.
This predisposition significantly shortens their lifespan if not managed with early detection and veterinary care. Beyond DCM, these dogs can develop murmurs or irregular heart rhythms due to stretched or malfunctioning valves.
Such issues can strain the cardiovascular system, often appearing in middle-aged to older Shepherds. Routine veterinary exams are crucial, as early signs like fatigue, coughing, or fainting may otherwise go unnoticed until the disease is advanced.
The breed is also prone to bloat, hip dysplasia, and degenerative joint conditions, which, combined with heart disease, can greatly impact quality of life. While responsible breeding and preventative care help reduce risks, prospective owners should be prepared for the possibility of ongoing medical needs.
Fun fact: Despite their health challenges, German Shepherds remain among the most popular breeds worldwide due to their devotion and unmatched working ability.
5. Cocker Spaniel
Often called “Merry Cockers,” Cocker Spaniels—whether English or American—are adored for their soulful eyes, silky coats, and affectionate nature. Known for their compact yet sturdy build, they’ve long been popular family companions and sporting dogs.
Despite their charm, this breed is highly vulnerable to cardiac conditions such as mitral valve disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. These issues weaken the heart over time, leading to reduced life expectancy if not carefully monitored by a veterinarian.
Heart problems are not the only concern. Cocker Spaniels also face inherited eye disorders, from glaucoma to progressive retinal atrophy, which may impact their overall quality of life. Combined with hip dysplasia, these chronic issues can place added strain on the heart.
Adding to the challenge, Cocker Spaniels’ long, floppy ears make them prone to persistent ear infections, which, if untreated, can lead to systemic health complications.
Fact: Their beautiful double coats, while eye-catching, mean they shed moderately all year and heavily during seasonal changes.
6. Saint Bernard
Also known as the “Gentle Giant” of the Alps, the Saint Bernard was originally bred for rescue work in the Swiss mountains. While affectionate and loyal, their size and genetics predispose them to numerous medical challenges.
Saint Bernards often face orthopedic issues such as hip and elbow dysplasia, which can lead to painful arthritis as they age. Their deep chests make them highly vulnerable to bloat and gastric dilatation-volvulus, conditions that can quickly become fatal without emergency care.
Eye health is another concern. Conditions like entropion, where the eyelid rolls inward, irritate and may result in corneal ulcers if left untreated.
Ectropion, the opposite problem, where the eyelid droops outward, can expose the eye to infections. Both require surgical correction in many cases, emphasizing why regular veterinary eye checks are critical for this breed.
Beyond these issues, Saint Bernards are prone to cancers such as osteosarcoma and lymphoma, along with immune-mediated diseases. Their average lifespan is just 8–10 years, shorter than many smaller breeds, which reflects the cumulative impact of these health challenges.
Fact: Saint Bernards are famous for their role in mountain rescues, where they once carried small barrels of brandy to help stranded travelers.
7. Dachshund
The Dachshund, also affectionately called the “wiener dog” or “sausage dog,” is famous for its long body and short legs.
Originally bred in Germany for hunting badgers, this small but bold breed is both lively and independent. They come in miniature and standard sizes, with smooth, longhaired, or wirehaired coats, giving them a wide variety of looks.
Unfortunately, Dachshunds are prone to serious health challenges due to their unique body shape. Their elongated spine makes them especially susceptible to intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), a painful and sometimes paralyzing condition.
Overbreeding for exaggerated proportions has only increased the prevalence of these spinal problems, making the risk significant across the breed.
Because their skeletal frame carries so much stress, even simple activities like jumping on furniture or climbing stairs can lead to injury. Excess weight adds more strain, so obesity management is crucial.
Overbreeding also heightens other inherited issues, including knee problems and dental disease, further compounding their health vulnerabilities.
Responsible owners may help prevent complications through ramps, exercise, and regular vet checks, but the genetic risk remains high.
Conclusion
When choosing a companion, it’s essential to understand that certain dog breeds face higher risks of breed-specific health issues. From joint problems that limit activity to pain and mobility issues that shorten lifespans, these conditions can quickly become a major concern for owners.
Some breeds, like the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, may be prone to heart conditions, while brachycephalic dogs often struggle with breathing difficulties. Even conditions like bone cancer can impact otherwise strong breeds, making awareness critical.
Maintaining a healthy weight, feeding a balanced diet, and learning to recognize early signs of illness are vital steps to ensure a healthy life, even in breeds considered among the unhealthiest dog breeds.
While pedigree dogs may look appealing, prospective owners should weigh the risks of inherited problems. On the other hand, active breeds like the Australian Cattle Dog remind us that with proper care, exercise, and attention, dogs can avoid pain and mobility problems and thrive despite their vulnerabilities.
